Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of outcome variables at baseline, end of treatment and 3 month follow up

Clinical

Pain intensity VAS

10.54 (9.4)

7.42 (8.5)***

6.91 (9.4)***

GHQ

12.95 (6.1)

9.76 (4.6)***

10.11 (5.7)***

SF-12 mental health

52.32 (11.2)

55.52 (8.5)***

55.81 (8.5)***

SF-12 physical health

42.18 (8.5)

48.86 (7.2)***

50.97 (7.5)***

EQ-5D

0.66 (0.2)

0.82 (0.2)***

0.82 (0.2)***

Yellow flags

Pain Catastrophizing

10.54 (9.41)

7.42 (8.54)***

6.91 (9.4)***

Fear and avoidance - work

9.79 (9.5)

7.92 (8.3)***

8.18 (8.6)***

Fear and avoidance - physical activity

11.81 (6.4)

8.31 (6.5)***

7.63 (6.0)***

Work-related

Sickness absence

4.6 (12.6)

2.82 (11.4)*

1.45 (9.7)*

Work performance

75.9 (19.6)

82.1 (16.2)***

87.8 (13.2)***