Skip to main content

Table 2 Results from the multivariable analyses of recovery from WAD a , c-index and internally validated c-index (n=680)

From: Prognosis of patients with whiplash-associated disorders consulting physiotherapy: development of a predictive model for recovery

Prognostic factors

Model 1a(n=679)b

Model 2a(n=648)b

Final model 3a(n=633)b

 

β (SE)

β (SE)

β (SE)

HRR (95% CI)

p-value

Age

-0.01 (0.00)

-0.01 (0.00)

-0.01 (0.00)

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)*

0.002

Education

< Grade 8**

0.0

0.0

-

-

-

Grade 8

0.21 (0.28)

0.23 (0.28)

-

-

-

High school

0.51 (0.27)

0.48 (0.27)

-

-

-

Post-secondary school

0.28 (0.27)

0.29 (0.27)

-

-

-

Technical school

0.41 (0.28)

0.31 (0.28)

-

-

-

University

0.69 (0.28)

0.59 (0.28)

-

-

-

No. of days to reporting the collision

 

-0.02 (0.01)

-0.02 (0.01)

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

≤0.001

Neck pain intensity c

Mild**

 

0.0

0.0

1.0

 

Moderate

 

-0.48 (0.14)

-0.43 (0.14)

0.65 (0.50, 0.85)

0.002

Severe

 

-0.70 (0.15)

-0.50 (0.15)

0.61 (0.45, 0.82)

0.001

Low back pain intensity c

No pain**

 

0.0

0.0

1.0

 

Mild

 

-0.01 (0.16)

0.17 (0.15)

1.19 (0.88, 1.61)

0.26

Moderate

 

-0.29 (0.12)

-0.16 (0.12)

0.85 (0.68, 1.07)

0.17

Severe

 

-0.46 (0.15)

-0.41 (0.15)

0.66 (0.49, 0.89)

0.01

Pain other than neck and back pain

No**

 

0.0

0.0

1.0

 

Yes

 

-0.38 (0.11)

-0.35 (0.11)

0.71 (0.57, 0.88)

0.002

Musculoskeletal problem before collision d

Absent**

 

0.0

-

-

-

No/Mild

 

-0.03 (0.12)

-

-

-

Severe

 

-0.33 (0.18)

-

-

-

Headache before collision

Absent**

 

0.0

0.0

1.0

 

No/Mild

 

0.32 (0.11)

0.28 (0.11)

1.32 (1.07, 1.63)

0.01

Severe

 

-0.01 (0.15)

-0.03 (0.15)

0.97 (0.72, 1.31)

0.87

MD visits since collision e

1**

 

0.0

-

-

-

2

 

-0.05 (0.11)

-

-

-

≥ 3

 

-0.26 (0.13)

-

-

-

Recovery expectations f

Better soon**

  

0.0

1.0

 

Better slowly/Never better

  

-0.66 (0.12)

0.51 (0.41, 0.65)

≤0.001

Don′t know

  

-1.09 (0.14)

0.34 (0.26, 0.44)

≤0.001

C-index (95% CI)

0.56 (0.53, 0.59)

0.65 (0.63, 0.68)

0.68 (0.65, 0.71)

Internal validated c-index (95% CI)

0.55 (0.51, 0.58)

0.63 (0.59, 0.66)

0.67 (0.63, 0.70)

  1. Note: Overall Goodness of fit for the final model was adequate according to the Cox-Snell residual plot and the score test (p= 0.66).
  2. * 95% CI: 0.984, 0.996.
  3. ** Reference category.
  4. a Cox proportional hazard regression: Model 1: Result from including socio-demographics related factors in the backward selection process. Model 2: Result using prognostic factors remaining from model 1 plus factors related to collision, symptoms, comorbidity and health care. Final model 3: Result using prognostic factors remaining from model 2 plus factors related to general health and psychology.
  5. b Numbers of subjects are less than the study population (n=680) due to missing answer for prognostic factors in the backward selection procedures.
  6. c 11 point numeric rating scale (NRS) were 0 = no pain at all and 10 = pain as bad as it could be. Mild: 1-4, Moderate: 5-7, Severe: 8-10.
  7. d The effect on health from muscle, bone or joint problems within 6 months before the collision.
  8. e MD: Medical doctor.
  9. f The answer to the “question”: “Do you think that your injury will…”.
Back to article page

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

ISSN: 1471-2474

Contact us