Table 2 Classification of biomarkers of muscle fatigue
From: Biomarkers of peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise
Biomarker | Source |
|---|---|
ATP metabolism biomarkers | |
  Lactate | Serum |
  Ammonia | Serum |
  Oxipurines | Serum |
Oxidative stress biomarkers | |
  Lipid peroxidation | |
     Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) | Serum |
     Isoprostanes (F2-isoP) | Serum, urine |
  Protein peroxidation | |
     Protein carbonyls | Serum |
  Antioxidative capacity | |
     Glutathione (GSH) | Serum |
     Glutathione peroxidase (GTX) | Serum, leukocytes |
     Catalase | Serum |
     Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) | Serum |
Inflammatory biomarkers | |
  Leukocytes | Blood |
  Interleukin-6 | Serum |
  TNF-α | Serum |