The effect of continuous ultrasound on chronic non-specific low back pain: a single blind placebo-controlled randomized trial

Table 3 Main effects of Time and Group and their interaction effect on primary and secondary outcome measures (CI=95%,) *

Outcome measure	Effects	df	F	P value
FRI**	Time	2	75.92	<.001*
	Group	1	3.90	.004*
	*TimeGroup**	2	1.03	.31
VAS**	Time	2	80.11	<0.001*
	Group	1	.00	.48
	*TimeGroup**	2	.514	.98
Lumbar flexion	Time	2	3.47	.09
	Group	1	3.16	.02*
	*TimeGroup**	2	1.48	.23
Lumbar extension	Time	2	1.53	.11
	Group	1	4.12	.03*
	*TimeGroup**	2	1.61	.21
Endurance time	Time	2	0.63	.43
	Group	1	3.05	.05*
	*TimeGroup**	2	1.99	.17
Right Illiocostalis Lumborum	Time	2	.39	.53
	Group	1	.01	.93
	*TimeGroup**	2	.52	.41
Right Multifidus	Time	2	.06	.16
	Group	1	.16	.69
	*TimeGroup**	2	.52	.48
Right Gluteus Maximus	Time	2	3.41	.73
	Group	1	.02	.89
	*TimeGroup**	2	.52	.47
Right Biceps Femoris	Time	2	5.38	.86
	Group	1	.02	.79
	*TimeGroup**	2	.05	.82
Left Iliocostalis Lumborum	Time	2	3.65	.06
	Group	1	.87	.35
	*TimeGroup**	2	.38	.54
Left Multifidus	Time	2	1.49	.23
	Group	1	.14	.71
	*TimeGroup**	2	1.22	.27
Left Gluteus Maximus	Time	2	.98	.33
Left Gluteus Maximus	Group	1	.95	.33
	*TimeGroup**	2	.86	.36

*The effect of the US versus placebo US on outcome measures was analyzed using a Group (US and placebo US) × Time (Pre, Post, and follow-up) mixed model ANOVA at significance level ≤ .05.
**FRI: Functional Rating Index, VAS: Visual Analog Scale.

ISSN: 1471-2474