From: Preventive physiotherapy interventions for back care in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis
Papers (19) | Studies (23) | Participants | Contents | Interventions | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardon et al., [19] (2000) Belgium | 78 subjects Age: 10.2 E = 42 C = 36 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + 2 hours with the participation of their parents and teachers | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors and knowledge in the posttest | |
C: control | |||||
Cardon et al., [27] (2001) Belgium | (a) | 72 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 38 C = 34 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + extra guidelines of their teachers to integrate the learned principles (12 weeks) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors and knowledge |
C: control | |||||
(b) | 82 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 48 C = 34 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) without extra guidelines of their teachers | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors and knowledge | |
C: control | |||||
Cardon et al., [28] (2002a) Belgium | 706 subjects Age: 10.02 (9–11) E = 347 C = 359 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + 2 hours with the participation of their parents and teachers | Intervention children showed better back care knowledge than control children, and knowledge gained was retained over a period of one year | |
C: control | |||||
Cardon et al., [29] (2002b) Belgium | 363 subjects 4th, 5th grade Age: 9–12 E = 198 C = 165 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + 2 hours with the participation of their parents and teachers | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors | |
C: control | |||||
Cardon et al., [30] (2007) Belgium | 362 subjects 4th, 5th grade E = 190 C = 172 | German Back School. Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises Physical activity: sports, play and active recreation for kids (SPARK) | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + extra guidelines from their teachers to integrate the principles learned and to increase postural dynamics (2 school years) + physical activity promotion program | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors and knowledge | |
C: control | |||||
Cardoso [33] (2009) Brazil | 519 subjects Age: 8–21 E = 269 C = 250 | Spinal care principles and how to incorporate this knowledge into everyday life Behavioral intervention | E: 4 sessions (twice week) Lecture, demonstration, hands on practice (2 weeks) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge | |
C: control | |||||
Dolphens et al., [52] (2011) Belgium | 194 subjects Age: 18 E = 96 C = 98 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + 2 hours with the participation of their parents and teachers | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge | |
C: control | |||||
Geldhof et al., [21] (2006) Belgium | 365 subjects 4th, 5th grade E = 193 C = 172 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + extra guidelines of their teachers to integrate the learned principles and to increase postural dynamics (2 school years) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors and knowledge | |
C: control | |||||
Geldhof et al., [53] (2007a) Belgium | 69 subjects Age: 8–11 E = 41 C = 28 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + extra guidelines of their teachers to integrate the learned principles and to increase postural dynamics (2 school years) | The effects of 2 years back education showed an increase in trunk flexor endurance in the experimental group compared to a decrease in the controls | |
C: control | |||||
Geldhof et al., [54] (2007b) Belgium | 195 subjects 7th, 8th grade E = 94 C = 101 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + extra guidelines of their teachers to integrate the principles learned and to increase postural dynamics (2 school years) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge in the follow-up (2 years) | |
C: control | |||||
Geldhof et al., [55] (2007c) Belgium | 245 subjects 6th,7th grade E = 121 C = 124 | German Back School Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 6 sessions (60 mins; once a week) various tasks based on good understanding of basic back care principles (guided discovery and hands-on methods) + extra guidelines of their teachers to integrate the learned principles and to increase postural dynamics (2 school years) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge in the follow-up (1 years) | |
C: control | |||||
Gómez and Méndez [23] (2000a) Spain | 67 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 33 C = 34 | Anatomy, biomechanics, respiratory mechanism and the way to avoid column overload, risk factors for injury, spinal care principles | E: 8 sessions (30 mins; once a week). Lecture to incorporate knowledge about the correct functioning of the body and to avoid vertebral overload and back injuries from childhood. | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge in the posttest and the follow up carried out in 6 months time. | |
C: performed with their academic tutor-teacher about related matters. | |||||
Gómez and Méndez [40] (2000b) Spain | (a) | 65 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 33 C = 32 | Postural hygiene, how to incorporate this knowledge into everyday life Behavioral intervention | E: Information and training from a physiotherapist + parents were given information about postural hygiene, training in observation and healthy motive habits registration (2 hours) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors |
C: parents were given information about postural hygiene, training in observation and healthy motive habits registration (2 hours) | |||||
(b) | 66 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 34 C = 32 | Postural hygiene, how to incorporate this knowledge into everyday lifeBehavioral intervention | E: Piece of ergonomics advice from a tutor + parents were given information about postural hygiene, training in observation and healthy motive habits registration (2 hours) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors | |
C: parents were given information about postural hygiene, training in observation and healthy motive habits registration (2 hours) | |||||
Kovacs et al., [56] (2011) Spain | 574 subjects Age: 8 E = 320 C = 254 | Comic Book of the Back | E: Comic Book of the Back handed over by teachers | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge | |
C: control | |||||
Martínez [34] (2007) Spain | 579 subjects (3rd- 6th grade) Age: 7–12 E = 314 C = 265 | Spinal care principles and how to incorporate this knowledge into everyday life Behavioral intervention | E: 5 sessions (once week) Lecture, demonstration, hands on practice (5 weeks) | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the behaviors and knowledge in the posttest | |
C: control | |||||
Méndez and Gómez [20] (2001) Spain | 70 subjects 3rd grade Age: 9 E = 35 C = 35 | Anatomy, biomechanics, risk factors for injury, spinal care principles Behavioral intervention Correct realization of different activities of daily life Stretching and strengthening exercises | E: 11 sessions (60 mins; once a week): 8 sessions (postural hygiene knowledge and behaviors; each lasted 2 hours) and 3 sessions (physiotherapy exercise; each lasted 1 hour), total of 19 hours | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge and behaviors in the posttest and the follow up carried out after 12 months | |
C: took part in different academic activities with related themes | |||||
Park and Kim [41] (2011) South Korea | (a) | 59 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 28 C = 31 | Web-based spinal health education program (anatomy, functions of the spine, spinal care principles, stretching and strengthening exercises, backpack use) | E: 4 sessions (30 mins; once a week) Web-based program 3 parts (learning, formative evaluation, learning summary sections) (4 weeks) | The changes for spinal health knowledge were significantly higher than those of the control group. |
C: control | |||||
(b) | 60 subjects 5th grade Age: 11 E = 29 C = 31 | Face-to-face spinal health education program (anatomy, functions of the spine, spinal care principles, stretching and strengthening exercises, backpack use) | E: 4 sessions (30 mins; once a week) Face-to-face instruction 3 parts (learning, formative evaluation, learning summary sections) (4 weeks) | The changes for spinal health knowledge were significantly higher than those of the control group. | |
C: control | |||||
Spence et al., [22] (1984) US | (a) | 50 subjects 3rd, 5th grade E = 25 C = 25 | Safe lifting techniques | E: 1 session: lecture demonstration (5 mins videotape), review of the major principles presented in the tape (5 mins) | Showed significantly higher knowledge in the experimental group versus the control group in the posttest, but no significant differences between groups in the follow-up (2 months) Behaviours: Provided inconclusive or statistically insignificant results |
C: without intervention | |||||
(b) | 51 subjects 3rd, 5th grade E = 26 C = 25 | Safe lifting techniques | E: 1 session: guided self discovery (15 mins) | Showed significantly higher knowledge in the experimental group versus the control group in the posttest, but no significant differences between groups in the follow-up (2 months) Behaviours: Provided inconclusive or statistically insignificant results | |
C: without intervention | |||||
Vidal et al., [24] (2009) Spain | 137 subjects Age: 10–12 E = 63 C = 74 | Anatomy, biomechanics, risk factors for injury, spinal care principles, respiratory mechanism, postural hygiene Behavioral intervention Exercise | E: 6 sessions: 4 sessions (knowledges: anatomy, biomechanics, risk factors for injury, spinal care principles, respiratory mechanism, postural hygiene) and 2 sessions (behavioral intervention, exercise); total of 4 weeks | The experimental group obtained higher scores than the control group for the knowledge | |
C: without intervention |