Table 1 Recent three-dimensional instruments used to measure static spinal posture

BACES

D'Osualdo et al. 2002[41]

AUSCAN

Negrini et al. 2007[42]

Electromagnetic tracking system

Claus et al. 2009[43]

Elite optoelectronic system

Lissoni et al. 2001[44]; Naslund et al. 2005[45]

Inspek

Pazos et al. 2005* [35]; Pazos et al. 2007 [27]

2

Lumber Motion Monitor (LMM)

Jang et al. 2007[46]

FONAR Upright positional MRI

Morl et al. 2006 [47]; Cargill et al. 2007 [48]; Lafon et al. 2010 [49]

Metrecom

Franklin et al. 1995* [50]; Black et al. 1996 [51]; Gram et al. 1999 [52]

Smidt et al. 1992* [22]; Norton et al. 1993* [38]

2

Microscribe 3DX Digitizer

Warren et al. 2005 [28]

1

Optoelectronic camera system

Duong et al. 2009[53]

Optotrak 3020

Rempel et al. 2007 [54]

Peak Motus

Straker et al. 2009[55]

Postureprint

Normand et al. 2002 [37]; Harrison et al. 2007 [33]; Janik et al. 2007 [34]; Normand et al. 2007 [26]

4

Qualysis Proreflex Motion Capture Unit system

Grip et al. 2007[56]; Neiva et al. 2009[57]

Rasterstereography

Stokes et al. 1988* [32]; Hackenberg et al 2003a [30]; Hackenberg 2003b [31]; Drerup et al. 1994* [23] and 1996* [24]

5

3 Space Isotrack/Fastrak

O' Sullivan et al. 2006* [58]; Caneiro et al. 2010 [59]; Astfalck et al. 2010 [60]

Pearcy et al. 1989* [36]

1

Vicon three-dimensional kinematic system

Levine et al. 1996 [61}; Szeto et al. 2005[9]; Skalli et al. 2006[62]

Whittle et al. 1997[29]

1

Zebris CMS70P; Zebris CMS20

Theisen et al. 2010[63]

Geldhof et al. 2007[25]

1