BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) according to cardiovascular risk factors.

From: Associations of cardiovascular risk factors, carotid intima-media thickness and manifest atherosclerotic vascular disease with carpal tunnel syndrome

Characteristic	Sample	Possible and probable CTS combined			Probable CTS			Operated CTS
		Cases	OR	95% CI	Cases	OR	95% CI	Cases	OR	95% CI
Smoking status
Never smoker	2062	84	1		20	1		29	1
Former smoker	1649	51	1.2	0.8-1.6	11	1.0	0.4-2.3	15	1.0	0.5-1.8
Occasional smoker	333	9	1.2	0.5-2.6	3	2.0	0.6-6.8	5	2.4	0.9-6.3
Current smoker
<10 pack-years	501	26	2.0	1.2-3.5	3	1.1	0.3-3.9	6	1.4	0.5-3.7
10-20 pack-years	400	26	2.6	1.5-4.4	12	5.7	2.3-14.1	6	1.8	0.6-4.7
>20 pack-years	429	19	1.7	0.9-3.1	7	2.7	0.9-8.0	6	1.5	0.6-3.7
Exercise (times/week)
≤1	2496	96	1		21	1		29	1
2-3	1973	68	1.0	0.7-1.5	15	1.0	0.5-1.8	25	1.1	0.6-1.9
≥ 4	1621	69	1.2	0.8-1.6	23	1.6	0.9-3.0	24	1.2	0.6-2.0
Alcohol consumption
None	1237	67	1		19	1		22	1
Light	972	31	1.0	0.6-1.6	5	0.6	0.2-1.7	9	0.9	0.3-2.2
Moderate	978	25	0.9	0.5-1.5	8	1.1	0.4-2.8	7	0.8	0.3-2.0
Excessive	987	30	1.5	0.8-2.7	6	1.1	0.4-2.9	8	1.3	0.5-3.3
Body mass index
Normal	2514	82	1		18	1		17	1
Underweight	61	0			0			1	1.9	0.2-15.1
Overweight	2288	82	1.1	0.7-1.5	20	1.1	0.5-2.0	33	2.0	1.1-3.7
Obese	1002	58	1.3	0.8-1.9	19	1.6	0.8-3.0	24	2.8	1.3-5.8
Waist circumference
Normal	2019	59	1		15	1		6	1
Increased	1684	44	0.8	0.4-1.2	9	0.6	0.2-1.8	20	3.7	1.5-9.0
Obese	2509	137	1.1	0.7-1.6	36	1.1	0.5-2.1	52	4.8	1.9-12.1
Waist-to-hip ratio
Normal	922	24	1		5	1		9	1
Increased	3554	135	1.3	0.8-2.1	29	1.3	0.5-3.2	38	0.9	0.4-2.2
Obese	1735	81	1.3	0.7-2.2	26	1.6	0.6-4.4	31	1.4	0.5-3.2
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
≤129	2072	69	1		23	1		22	1
130-189	3132	125	1.2	0.8-1.7	26	0.7	0.4-1.2	38	1.1	0.6-1.9
≥190	1032	49	1.4	0.9-2.2	13	1.0	0.5-1.9	19	1.5	0.8-2.9
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)
≥60	1689	77	1		21	1		22	1
40-60	3207	119	0.8	0.6-1.2	24	0.7	0.3-1.2	36	0.9	0.5-1.7
≤40	1340	47	0.8	0.5-1.2	17	1.1	0.5-2.2	21	1.5	0.7-2.8
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
>200	1543	45	1		15	1		12	1
200-239	2206	91	1.4	0.9-2.3	18	0.8	0.4-1.8	27	1.5	0.7-3.0
≤240	2487	107	1.4	0.9-2.3	29	1.1	0.5-2.2	40	1.8	0.9-3.6
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
≤150	4186	163	1		39	1		46	1
151-199	1069	42	0.8	0.6-1.1	13	1.0	0.5-1.8	16	1.1	0.5-2.3
≥ 200	981	38	1.0	0.6-1.5	10	1.0	0.4-2.3	17	1.7	0.9-3.1
High-sensitive C-reactive protein
Low (≤3 mg/L)	5117	195	1		46	1		54	1
High (>3 mg/L)	1062	47	0.9	0.6-1.3	16	1.2	0.6-2.3	25	1.7	1.1-2.8
Insulin resistance (tertile)
1^st	2077	68	1		18	1		18	1
2^nd	2072	83	1.0	0.7-1.4	17	0.8	0.4-1.5	24	1.2	0.7-2.2
3^rd	2083	92	1.1	0.8-1.6	27	1.1	0.6-1.9	37	1.7	0.9-3.3
Metabolic syndrome
No	4313	145	1		32	1		41	1
Yes	1902	96	1.1	0.8-1.5	30	1.6	0.98-2.6	36	1.5	0.9-2.5
Diabetes
No	5880	222	1		55	1		71	1
Type 1	34	2	1.9	0.4-8.5	1	3.5	0.4-29.0	1	-	-
Type 2	319	19	1.0	0.5-1.8	6	1.2	0.4-3.5	7	1.1	0.5-2.6
Hypertension
No	5017	174	1		43	1		52
Yes	1237	69	1.2	0.8-1.6	19	1.2	0.6-2.1	27	1.6	0.9-2.7

A separate model was run for each characteristic and the odds ratios obtained were adjusted for age, sex, education, somatization, handgrip with high forces and work using vibrating tools

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