Influence of pain location and hand dominance on scapular kinematics and EMG activities: an exploratory study

Table 3 Comparisons of scapular kinematics during bilateral arm elevation in subjects with chronic neck pain.^a

Scapular kinematics	Effect	F	P	Observed power
Internal/external rotation	Dominance^b	0.84	0.37	0.14
	Phase^b	8.91	0.00*	1.00
	Group^b	0.62	0.55	0.14
	Dominance*Group	0.40	0.68	0.11
	Phase*Group	1.37	0.21	0.69
	Dominance*Phase	2.35	0.00*	0.71
	DominancePhaseGroup	0.61	0.86	0.31
Downward/upward rotation	Dominance^b	0.25	0.62	0.08
	Phase^b	36.80	0.00*	1.00
	Group^b	0.70	0.50	0.16
	Dominance*Group	1.13	0.34	0.23
	Phase*Group	1.59	0.12	0.78
	Dominance*Phase	3.08	0.02*	0.84
	DominancePhaseGroup	0.68	0.78	0.35
Posterior/anterior tilt	Dominance^b	14.29	0.001*	0.95
	Phase^b	18.68	0.00*	1.00
	Group^b	1.70	0.20	0.33
	Dominance*Group	0.96	0.40	0.20
	Phase*Group	1.08	0.40	0.56
	Dominance*Phase	4.92	0.002*	0.97
	DominancePhaseGroup	1.72	0.09	0.81

^a Repeated measures ANOVA
^b Dominance effect: right handed vs. left handed; Phase effect: humeral ascending and descending phases; Group effect: neck pain on dominant side/non-dominant side/both sides
*: P value < 0.05