Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population (n = 1760)
Variables | Population (n = 1760) | Missing value |
|---|---|---|
Number of female participants | 1307(74.3) | 0 |
Age in years: M (SD) | 40.1(10.6) | 0 |
Weight (kg): M (SD)* | 75.3(14.8) | 81(4.6) |
Height (cm): M (SD)* | 172.2(8.8) | 70(4.0) |
Demographic factors | Â | Â |
Low education * | 716(40.7) | 71(4.0) |
Marital status/living with one adult* | 1515(86.1) | 46(2.6) |
Lifestyle | Â | Â |
Alcohol consumers; more than 2 per day* | 73(4.1) | 326(18.5) |
Smoking 'yes' * | 413(23.5) | 326(18.5) |
No drug consumers * | 1399(79.5) | 313(17.8) |
Clinical status | Â | Â |
Patients with BMI > 25* | 783(44.5) | 88(5.0) |
Duration of complaints in years: M (SD) | 7.7(8.8) | 0 |
1 gradual emergence of NLBP | 1167(66.3) | 30(1.7) |
2 sudden emergence of NLBP | 563(32.0) | Â |
Cause | Â | 23(1.3) |
1 accident/wrong movement | 374(21.3) | Â |
2 after physical overload | 73(4.1) | Â |
3 during pregnancy or after delivery | 586(33.3) | Â |
4 surgery pelvis/back or after HNP | 32(1.8) | Â |
5 unknown | 672(38.2) | Â |
Previous revalidation program* | 186(10.6) | 101(5.7) |
Co-morbidity | 275(15.6) | 88(5.0) |
VAS Pain intensity LBP in mm: M (SD) | Â | Â |
1 present pain intensity | 55.5(23.0) | 5(0.3) |
2 minimal pain intensity | 34.6(21.7) | 13(0.7) |
3 maximal pain intensity | 80.0(16.2) | 13(0.7) |
Pain intensity due to CNLBP in the previous 3 months | Â | 52(3.0) |
1 stable pain intensity | 865(49.1) | Â |
2 increased pain intensity | 723(41.1) | Â |
3 decreased pain intensity | 120(6.8) | Â |
VAS degree of fatigue LBP in mm: M (SD) | Â | Â |
1 present fatigue | 56.5(26.6) | 118(6.7) |
2 minimal fatigue | 32.2(23.3) | 169(9.6) |
3 maximal fatigue | 77.8(20.4) | 169(9.6) |
Disability (QBPDS): M (SD) | 51.7(15.6) | 8(0.5) |
Psychological factors | Â | Â |
Fear avoidance (TSK): M (SD) | 36.7(7.3) | 50(2.8) |
SF-36 (health-related quality of life) | Â | Â |
PCS | 31.8(7.1) | 493(28.0) |
MCS | 46.5(10.3) | 493(28.0) |
Work-related factors | Â | Â |
Employment status benefit | 924(52.5) | 353(20.1) |
Work participation | Â | 161(9.1) |
1 100% working | 391(22.2) | Â |
2 1-99% working | 488(27.7) | Â |
3 not working | 689(39.1) | Â |
4 retired | 31(1.8) | Â |
Less work due to | Â | 460(26.1) |
1 complaints | 772(43.9) | Â |
2 unemployed | 19(1.1) | Â |
3 different reasons | 177(10.1) | Â |
4 fully working | 332(18.9) | Â |
Physical examination | Â | Â |
LDL positive | Â | Â |
1 left | 1373(78.0) | 29(1.6) |
2 right | 1336(75.9) | 31(1.8) |
Mobility (VR) (degrees in flexion): M (SD) | Â | Â |
1 pelvis in flexion | 40.7(15.7) | 154(8.8) |
2 low back in flexion | 47.3(14.3) | 154(8.8) |
3 pelvis+low back in flexion (ROM) | 88.0(24.6) | 154(8.8) |
ASLR positive (sum score ≥ 3) |  |  |
1 by general practitioner | 1442(81.9) | 16(0.9) |
2 by patient | 1217(69.1) | 8(0.5) |
ADL function - duration > 31 min without pain increase | Â | Â |
1 walking | 410(23.3) | 10(0.6) |
2 cycling | 312(17.8) | 287(16.3) |
3 sitting | 432(24.5) | 13(0.7) |
4 lying | 1017(57.8) | 15(0.9) |
5 standing | 106(6.1) | 9(0.5) |
PPPP positive (uni or bilateral) | 1110(63.1) | 50(2.8) |
Load transfer Abduction (Newton): M (SD) | 224.9 (96.4) | 137 (7.8) |
Load transfer Adduction (Newton): M (SD) | 172.5 (87.2) | 136 (7.7) |
B200 Isostation (strength) (Newton): M (SD) | Â | Â |
1 extension | 81.6(45.8) | 107(6.1) |
2 flexion | 65.2(45.0) | 106(6.0) |
3 lateroflexion left | 68.1(41.2) | 106(6.0) |
4 lateroflexion right | 74.2(39.4) | 106(6.0) |
5 rotation left | 34.6(23.1) | 107(6.1) |
6 rotation right | 33.4(22.5) | 108 (6.1) |