Table 1 Baseline characteristics and outcome measures in the GPR and SE group.
| Â | GPR Group (n = 50) | SE Group (n = 50) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr), mean (SD) | 45.5 (12.2) | 48.2 (13.2) | 0.291a |
BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.4 (3.2) | 25.1 (3.3) | 0.295a |
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   Female | 28 (56.0) | 32 (64.0) | 0.414b |
   Male | 22 (44.0) | 18 (36.0) |  |
Education level, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   Below high school diploma | 3 (6.0) | 10 (20.0) | 0.073b |
   High school diploma | 21 (42.0) | 22 (44.0) |  |
   University degree or higher | 26 (52.0) | 18 (36.0) |  |
Socio-occupational status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   White-collar workers | 43 (86.0) | 31 (62.0) | 0.006b |
   Blue-collar workersc | 7 (14.0) | 19 (38.0) |  |
Previous episodes of LBP in the last year, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   None | 11 (22.0) | 12 (24.0) | 0.102b |
   1-2 | 28 (56.0) | 18 (36.0) |  |
   3-6 | 8 (16.0) | 10 (20.0) |  |
   >6 | 3 (6.0) | 10 (20.0) |  |
Previous physical therapies, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   None | 27 (54.0) | 29 (58.0) | 0.687b |
   At least oned | 23 (46.0) | 21 (42.0) |  |
Manual handling (load >10 Kg), n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 43 (86.0) | 34 (68.0) | 0.032b |
   Yes | 7 (14.0) | 16 (32.0) |  |
Smoking status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   Never | 27 (54.0) | 21 (42.0) | 0.448b |
   Former | 10 (20.0) | 11 (22.0) |  |
   Current | 13 (26.0) | 18 (36.0) |  |
Outcome measures | Â | Â | Â |
   RMDQ (0-24), mean (SD) | 7.1 (5.3) | 5.9 (4.6) | 0.253a |
   ODI (0-100%), mean (SD) | 22.5 (15.2) | 22.2 (12.2) | 0.908a |
   FFT (cm), mean (SD) | 15.7 (12.5) | 16.1 (12.9) | 0.879a |
   VAS (0-100 mm), mean (SD) | 60.9 (23.9) | 57.7 (22.0) | 0.485a |