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Table 1 Clinical data and MRI ligament findings at injury of 111 WAD1-2 patients

From: Are MRI high-signal changes of alar and transverse ligaments in acute whiplash injury related to outcome?

 

N

%

Median (range)

Clinical characteristics

   

   Women

63

56.8

 

   Age, years

  

29.8 (18.1-69.2)

   Higher education (> 12 years)

50

45.0

 

   Initial neck pain intensity, NRS-11 score (0 to 10)

  

4.0 (1.0 - 9.0)

   Time accident - onset neck pain, hours

  

0.5 (0.0-48.0)

   Pain maximum in upper neck (n = 105)

41

39.0

 

   Post traumatic stress, IES score (0 to 75)

  

19.0 (0.0-67.0)

   High expectation of recovery (vs. low)

90

81.1

 

   Time accident - MRI, days

  

5.0 (0.0-13.0)

Accident-related factors

   

   Impact direction

   

Rear-end collision

69

62.2

 

Front-end collision

25

22.5

 

Side impact collision

10

9.0

 

Other (e.g. roll-over, complex)

7

6.3

 

   Head turned at impact (n = 93)

29

31.2

 

   Head injury at accident

13

11.7

 

   Seat belt used at impact

105

94.6

 

   Head restraint present at impact (n = 107)

94

87.9

 

   Airbag deployment at impact (n = 110)

15

13.6

 

   Patient car speed at impact, km/h (n = 109)

  

0.0 (0.0 - 75.0)

   Relative car speed* at impact, km/h (n = 84)

  

45.0 (10.0-150.0)

MRI ligament findings

   

   Grades 2-3 alar ligament changes†

38

34.2

 

   Grades 2-3 transverse ligament changes†

25

22.5

 
  1. MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; WAD = whiplash-associated disorders; NRS-11 = 11-point numeric rating scale.
  2. *Difference between vehicle speeds if rear end collision, otherwise sum of vehicle speeds.
  3. † Highest assigned grade if different between right and left side.