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Table 5 DRAM classification of participants who responded at 6 months and provided both Zung and MSPQ scores (N = 471)

From: Low back pain: what determines functional outcome at six months? An observational study

Type

Decision rules

Description

N (%)

Mean (95% CI) change in RMDQ

Normal (N)

Modified Zung < 17

No evidence of distress or abnormal illness behaviour

151 (32)

3.2 (2.3 to 4.1)

At Risk (R)

Modified Zung 17 to 33 and MSPQ < 12

Slightly higher scores than normal patients, largest difference in depressive symptomatology

165 (35)

3.8 (2.8 to 4.7)

Distressed-depressive (DD)

Modified Zung > 33

Clear elevation on all variables, particularly high scores on depressive symptomatology

95 (20)

4.4 (3.0 to 5.8)

Distressed-Somatic (DS)

Modified Zung 17 to 33 and MSPQ ≥ 12

Elevation on all variables, particularly high scores on somatic symptomatology

60 (13)

3.3 (1.7 to 4.9)