Table 5 Risk factors associated with OP
Osteoporosis group | Non-Osteoporosis Group | X2 | p | OR (95%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1455) | (n = 2927) | ||||
Postmenopausal (n) | 1240 (85.2) * | 2159 (73.7) | 73.377 | 0.000 | 2.052(1.737-2.423) |
Body mass index (kg/m 2 ) | 25.6 ± 3.1* | 23.4 ± 2.8 | |||
< 20 (n) | 25(1.7) | 91(3.1) | |||
20-25 (n) | 786(54.0) | 1300(44.4) | |||
≥25 (n) | 644(44.3)* | 574(19.6) | 324.746 | 0.000 | 3.441(2.998-3.949) |
Education level (n) | |||||
Elementary | 747(51.3) | 1354(46.2) | |||
High school or equivalent | 456(31.3) | 898(30.7) | |||
College or equivalent | 252(17.4) * | 675(23.1) | 19.208 | 0.000 | 0.699(0.595-0.821) |
Calcium supplements (n) | 699(48.0) * | 1897(64.8) | 113.186 | 0.000 | 0.502(0.442-0.570) |
Physical activity (n) | |||||
Never | 818(56.2) | 1724(58.9) | |||
Occasionally | 405(27.8) | 338(11.5) | |||
Frequently | 232(15.9) * | 865(29.6) | 95.889 | 0.000 | 0.452(0.385-0.531) |
Smoking status (n) | |||||
Current or former smoker | 234(16.1) * | 142(4.9) | 156.280 | 0.000 | 3.759(3.019-4.679) |
Never smoke | 1221(83.9) | 2785(95.1) | |||
Hypertension (n) | 317(21.8)* | 442(15.1) | 30.339 | 0.000 | 1.566(1.334-1.839) |
Diabetes mellitus (n) | 141(9.7) * | 172(5.9) | 21.320 | 0.000 | 1.719(1.363-2.168) |
Hyperostosis (n) | 961(66.0)* | 188(6.4) | 1786.041 | 0.000 | 28.342(23.595-34.045) |