Figure 5

A cadaveric examination used to evaluate the safety of fluoroscopically guided transforaminal epidural dry needling. The flexed Round Needle contacted and passed by the facet joint (▼) is advanced into the intervertebral foramen (A). The needle passes over the posterior longitudinal ligament (*) and reaches the anterior epidural space in the same manner as with the anterior epidural approach (B). After removing the posterior longitudinal ligament and dura mater by cauterisation, the tip of the needle is found to be located under the thecal sac (↑) without contacting it (C).