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Figure 4 | BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Figure 4

From: Fluoroscopically guided transforaminal epidural dry needling for lumbar spinal stenosis using a specially designed needle

Figure 4

Transforaminal epidural contrast injection test to demonstrate that the specially designed needle effectively reached the target structures. The curved spinal injection needle used in the test (A). The anteroposterior fluoroscopy image shows a needle that has been advanced transforaminally at the L4-L5 level in the same manner as that used in the treatment and contrast agent flowing through the epidural space (B). The lateral fluoroscopy image. The triangle () indicates contrast agent in the anterior epidural space when the needle was used in its original straight form. The arrow (↑) indicates contrast agent in the posterior epidural space when the curved needle was used. The curved needle contacted the canal side of the inferior articular process between the facet joint and pedicle (C).

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