Table 2 Joint angles and moments when the lumbar lordosis appears during lifting (Kruskal Wallis)

Joint angles (deg)

Lumbar joint

31.32(3.41)

31.14(4.05)

28.01(3.71)

28.19(1.96)*

25.96(2.14)*

24.79(4.53)*

Hip joint

18.23(22.16)

13.55(20.55)

5.67(15.49)

-1.90(5.11)

-1.89(6.23)

-6.05(4.79)

Knee joint

23.06(18.41)*

18.65(13.54)*

8.15(6.30)*

-0.83(3.95)

-1.18(2.81)

-2.15(2.38)

Ankle joint

10.28(6.71)*

7.32(4.71)*

2.80(2.28)*

1.25(2.58)

0.09(2.12)

-0.25(2.93)

Joint moments (Nm/kg)

Lumbar joint

0.89(0.33)*

1.17(0.33)*

1.19(0.21)*

0.60(0.09)*

0.85(0.12)*

0.97(0.09)*

Hip joint

0.51(0.26)

0.62(0.28)

0.61(0.20)

0.32(0.07)*

0.42(0.10)*

0.46(0.11)*

Knee joint

-0.20(0.10)

-0.36(0.14)

-0.47(0.11)

-0.38(0.13)

-0.43(0.12)

-0.48(0.11)

Ankle joint

0.48(0.20)

0.57(0.20)

0.54(0.15)

0.42(0.17)

0.43(0.18)

0.45(0.24)