Magnetic resonance imaging of anterior cruciate ligament rupture

Abstract

Background

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a useful diagnostic tool for the assessment of knee joint injury. Anterior cruciate ligament repair is a commonly performed orthopaedic procedure. This paper examines the concordance between MR imaging and arthroscopic findings.

Methods

Between February, 1996 and February, 1998, 48 patients who underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of the knee were reported to have complete tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Of the 48 patients, 36 were male, and 12 female. The average age was 27 years (range: 15 to 45). Operative reconstruction using a patellar bone-tendon-bone autograft was arranged for each patient, and an arthroscopic examination was performed to confirm the diagnosis immediately prior to reconstructive surgery.

Results

In 16 of the 48 patients, reconstructive surgery was cancelled when incomplete lesions were noted during arthroscopy, making reconstructive surgery unnecessary. The remaining 32 patients were found to have complete tears of the ACL, and therefore underwent reconstructive surgery. Using arthroscopy as an independent, reliable reference standard for ACL tear diagnosis, the reliability of MR imaging was evaluated. The true positive rate for complete ACL tear diagnosis with MR imaging was 67%, making the possibility of a false-positive report of "complete ACL tear" inevitable with MR imaging.

Conclusions

Since conservative treatment is sufficient for incomplete ACL tears, the decision to undertake ACL reconstruction should not be based on MR findings alone.

Background

The approach taken with an ACL injury depends a great deal on the severity of the lesion. Complete ACL tears usually cause considerable knee joint instability and reconstructive surgery is typically recommended. In contrast, a partial ACL tear can be treated with physical rehabilitation alone. Since reconstructive surgery involves significant remodeling, confirmation of the diagnosis is desirable before undertaking unnecessary surgery on patients with incomplete ACL tears.

An arthroscopic examination allows the diagnosis to be confirmed through direct visualization and probing. Unfortunately, arthroscopies are invasive and require a skilled surgeon. MR imaging has become a popular and practical tool for the evaluation of ACL injuries, with it's a high degrees of accuracy and sensitivity reported in the literature [1, 2]. Notwithstanding its accuracy and sensitivity, the potential for false-positive reports make reconstructive surgery unjustifiable based on MR findings alone [3, 4]. In cases where complete ACL tears have been diagnosed with MR imaging, the authors' have found incomplete lesions on arthroscopic examination immediately prior to planned reconstructive surgery. In these situations, reconstructive surgery was cancelled and substituted with a program of rehabilitation. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of MRI in diagnosing complete ACL ruptures in the knee.

Methods

Between February 1996 and February 1998, forty eight patients with clinically suspected ACL injury were reported to have complete ACL tears on MR imaging. Of the 48 patients, 36 were males and 12 female, and patients ranged between 15 and 45 years in age (mean: 27.7 years). In all cases the injuries were unilateral, with 22 affecting the right knee and 26 the left knee. Seventeen patients had injured themselves playing basketball. The patients all underwent manual Lachman test examination by the senior author (Jiang). Three experienced radiologists interpreted the MR images.

Arthroscopic examinations were performed in order to confirm the diagnosis prior to reconstructive surgery. A complete tear of the ACL is diagnosed arthroscopically if the ligament is absent in the intercondylar notch region, or if there is loss of ligament continuity with only ligamant remnants at each end. In cases where continuity of one or both bundles of the ligament was present and laxity of the ligament was noted by probing, the injury was defined as a partial tear. The integrity of the joint menisci was also assessed during the arthroscopy.

Once a complete tear of the ligament was confirmed arthroscopically, the surgeon proceeded directly to reconstructive surgery in the same theatre using a patellar bone-tendon-bone autograft. All arthroscopies and reconstructions were performed by the same surgeon (Jiang).

Results

Thirty-two of the forty eight patients were found to have complete ACL tears during arthroscopy, while the remaining patients were found to have partial tears. Given that MR imaging diagnosed complete tears in all of the patients, the true-positive rate for the MR examination was 67%. The ratio differed among the reporting radiologists, being 82%, 54%, and 50% respectively. The experienced radiologist have the higher accuracy in this study.

The Lachman test was positive in 39 cases, among which 30 had complete tears of the ACL arthroscopically proven, while the others were shown to have incomplete lesions. The Lachman test was negative in nine patients, among which seven were found to have partial tears of the ACL arthroscopically. The true-positive rate for the Lachman examination was 77%.

Associated meniscal tears were present in 34 patients (71%). Lateral meniscal tears were present in 22 patients (46%), and medial meniscal tears were present in seven patients (14%). Tears to both menisci were present in the remaining five patients (11%).

Discussion

The MR imaging report influences clinical decision making and has medico-legal implications. If the surgeon depends solely on the report for the decision to go to surgery, false positive reports may lead to unnecessary procedures.

Most orthopaedic surgeons currently advocate the use of an autograft for reconstruction of a completely torn ACL. In contrast, a knee joint with a partially torn ACL that exhibits moderate instability may function well after well planned rehabilitation. Since reconstructive procedures involve unavoidable and substantial remodeling of the donor structure, the diagnosis should be confirmed before proceeding with reconstructive surgery.

Arthroscopies, via direct vision and probing of the ACL, allow for reliable assessment of the extent of ACL injury, but are invasive and require an experienced surgeon [2]. MR imaging allows the structures of the knee joint to be visualized, including the ACL, while avoiding the need for surgical intervention and irradiation, and can help to prevent unnecessary diagnostic arthroscopic procedures in acute knee injuries. The reported sensitivity of MRI for acute ACL tears is 90% [5]. MRI is now widely used for the detection of intra-articular lesions, but in the experience of the authors, false positive reports can lead to over-enthusiastic surgery.

The statistical conception of test accuracy is a summation of its true-positive and true-negative rates. Thus a test with high true-negative and fair true-positive rates may still be very accurate. However, a high true-positive rate is critical for tests upon which a decision to surgically intervene is made. MRI has been reported to have a high accuracy in diagnosing internal derangements of the knee. Machenzie et al reviewed 22 related reports between 1983 and 1994 and found a high accuracy in diagnosing ACL lesions, ranging from 72 to 100 percent. Amongst a total of 2076 subjects there were 498 positive diagnoses, of which 90 were false-positives [6].

The high reported accuracy of MRI has been debated since most of the reported results were based on retrospective, non-blind study designs [6]. In these reports, the patients who underwent MR examination were those who were suspected of having an ACL lesion, based on clinical assessment [1, 7]. The Lachman test has been reported to be a very accurate clinical examination for both acute and chronic ACL deficiency, with a sensitivity and specificity ranging between 85 and 98 percent [8]. In cases involving chronic tears, the scarred fragments produce a relatively straight band that mimics an intact ligament [9]. There are several factors that may contribute to the discrepancy found between arthroscopic findings and MR imaging reports. The interpretation of MR images may be influenced by the imaging equipment, techniques, and subjective bias of the reading radiologists. Katahira reported that the addition of thin slice direct oblique coronal images significantly improved the accuracy of ACL tear diagnosis, from 82% to 97% [10]. Murao has reported a quantitative method involving the ACL-tibial plateau angle as a means of improving diagnostic accuracy [11]. The two-bundle construction of the ACL may also lead to a positive report on MR, in cases where only one torn bundle is seen on the image, while the remaining intact bundle is overlooked or not imaged between subsequent MR slices [12, 13].

Figure 1

A twenty-five-year-old female suffering from internal derangement of the left knee. The MRI report described ACL rupture due to poor visualization of the ACL substance.

Figure 2

On arthroscopic examination, the ACL was found to be intact.

An ligament with a so-called "substance tear" indicates an injury within the ligament itself. It is the tomographic nature of MR that makes the interior of the ligament visible. A developing technique, the intra-articular arthroscopic ultrasound, may eliminate this failing of arthroscopic examination.

This paper has not sought to debate the value and accuracy of MR in the diagnosis of ACL injuries. The key issue is the difference in strategies for treating complete versus incomplete lesions, and how this makes confirmation of the diagnosis important, since false-positive MR reports can not be confidently excluded. To avoid unnecessary surgery, the decision to undertake ligament reconstruction should not be based on imaging alone [1, 14].

The surgical decision should also depend on physical findings and clinical symptoms [15]. Imaging should support the clinical findings and inform surgical planning, and arthroscopic examination should be used to confirm the diagnosis before reconstruction [4, 16].

In conclusion, an ACL tear suspected on the basis of clinical findings or MRI should have the diagnosis confirmed arthroscopically, especially when ligament reconstruction is envisaged.